What Happened to the Paint on the Terracotta Army?
The Terracotta Army, a vast collection of life-sized terracotta sculptures depicting the armies of Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of China, is a sight to behold. However, visitors to the site might be surprised to learn that these figures were once adorned in vibrant colors, much of which has been lost over time.
Colors Erased
Upon their initial excavation, archaeologists were stunned to find traces of brightly colored pigments clinging to the surface of the warriors. This fleeting glimpse into the past revealed that these figures were not always the monochromatic earthenware we see today. They were originally painted in vibrant hues, reflecting the military rank and attire of the soldiers they represented. Unfortunately, exposure to the elements and the passage of time took their toll, and the paint began to flake and fade rapidly.
Why have the terracotta warriors lost so much of their original color?
Several factors have contributed to the loss of color on the terracotta warriors.
Fire and its Devastating Effects
One significant factor is fire.
The Evidence of Fire
Archaeological evidence suggests that a fire ravaged the pits where the warriors were buried centuries ago. Charred remains and burn marks on the figures and their surrounding artifacts point to a significant conflagration, likely ignited during a period of rebellion and unrest following the Emperor's death.
How Fire Damages Pigments
The intense heat from the fire would have caused irreversible damage to the pigments. Many pigments, especially organic ones derived from plants or insects, are highly sensitive to heat and would have broken down and deteriorated rapidly.
Environmental Degradation
Beyond fire, environmental factors have played a crucial role in the paint loss.
Exposure to Air and Humidity
The excavation of the warriors exposed them to air and humidity, which they had been sheltered from for centuries. This sudden change in environment, particularly the presence of oxygen and moisture, accelerated the deterioration process. Many pigments are prone to oxidation, a chemical reaction with oxygen that alters their color and structure.
The Fragility of the Paint Layers
Furthermore, the paint layers themselves were incredibly delicate. Ancient artisans used a technique known as polychromy, applying thin layers of pigment mixed with a binding agent, likely made from animal glue or lacquer, to the terracotta surface. Over time, these binders become brittle and lose their adhesive properties, causing the paint layers to flake off.
Other Contributing Factors
Besides fire and environmental factors, other factors have contributed to the color loss.
Microbial Activity
Microbial activity, such as the growth of mold and fungi, can degrade organic materials, including pigments and binders. The humid conditions within the burial pits would have provided a conducive environment for such microbial growth.
Salt Damage
The presence of salts in the surrounding soil has also played a role. These salts can migrate into the porous terracotta and the paint layers, causing further deterioration and flaking.
Preserving the Remaining Traces
Preserving the remaining traces of color on the terracotta warriors is a significant challenge for conservators. Research is ongoing to develop new conservation methods to stabilize the existing paint layers, prevent further deterioration, and potentially even restore some of the lost colors. This delicate work involves a deep understanding of ancient painting techniques, material science, and conservation ethics.
Q&A
Q: Are there any plans to repaint the warriors?
A: While the idea of seeing the Terracotta Army in its full, original glory is enticing, there are no plans to repaint the warriors. Repainting would be a massive undertaking and carry significant risks. The process could damage the original surface and the remaining traces of color. Furthermore, without definitive knowledge of the exact shades and patterns used, any repainting would be speculative and potentially inaccurate.
Q: Can visitors see any of the original colors today?
A: Yes, though faint and fragmented, traces of the original pigments are still visible on some of the warriors, particularly those that were buried deeper in the pits and thus better protected from the elements. These traces offer valuable clues to the original appearance of the army and the artistry of their creators.
Q: What is being done to learn more about the original colors?
A: Researchers are using advanced imaging techniques, such as multispectral imaging and X-ray fluorescence, to analyze the pigments and reconstruct the original color palette. These non-invasive techniques allow scientists to study the pigments without causing further damage to the fragile surfaces. By understanding the materials and techniques used, researchers hope to gain a deeper appreciation for the artistry of the Qin dynasty and the significance of color in their culture.